Resilience and stability of ecological systems pdf. Emerging frontiers of resilience include applying social ecological network approaches, investigating power relations, and exploring how transformative versus adaptive changes can promote resilience. Engineering resilience presumes a single equilibrium regime, which is at odds with a growing. Engineering resilience is defined as a systems speed of return to equilibrium following a shock, indicating that a system can only have a single stability regime holling 1996. Resilience is here the ability to return to the steadystate following a perturbation. This is due to the complexity that is inherent to ecosystems, which ecological resilience emphasizes, but that has hardly been disentangled. Bekera reliability engineering and system safety 121 2014 90. Resilience is the capacity of a social ecological system to absorb or withstand perturbations and other stressors such that the system remains within the same regime, essentially maintaining its structure and functions. One of the most common mistakes made by experts and newcomers is to use these two terms interchangeably as if they were same. Holling, engineering resilience versus ecological resilience, in p. Mar 31, 2016 the difference between these two definitions is important because historically when we force an ecological system to have engineering resilience we often lose its ecological resilience. However, the quantification of ecological resilience remains challenging. In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or.
In this paper, we revisit definitions of resilience and suggest a quantitative framework for assessing ecological resilience sensu holling 1973. Climate resilience is generally defined as the capacity for a socio ecological system to. Furuta linear model premise an accident occurs when a series of events occur in a specific order. Ecological resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to maintain key functions and processes in the face of stresses or pressures, by resisting and then adapting to change. An integrative quantifier of multistability in complex systems based on ecological resilience. The center specializes in the study of crosssector. Ecological resilience where the system changes as a response to conditions, how much it can take before this flip to another stability domain is seen as ecological resistance.
Components and predictors of biological soil crusts vary at the regional vs. Such services include the provision of food, fuel, and natural products e. Engineering resilience can be quantified in relatively straightforward ways using time as the unit of measurement. Climate and streamflow trends in the columbia river basin. Cinner and barnes introduce key social factors that provide resilience in linked social ecological systems, including 1 assets, 2 flexibility, 3 social organization, 4 learning, 5. Resilience the resilience of a system refers to its tendency to return to a particular state following a perturbation or disturbance, while staying within a limited range of structure and function. Multiple equilibria multiple regimes unpredictability and uncertainty concerns. Any views or conclusions are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of iiasa. Ecological resilience or robustness has also become central to conservation practices and ecosystem management, particularly as the latter has shifted its attention to the importance of ecosystem services. Engineering resilience vs ecological resilience ecological. Resilience engineering is the new field which uses the insights from research on failures in complex systems, organizational contributors to risk, and human performance to develop engineering. Social dimensions of resilience in socialecological systems. This role is related to the diversity of functional groups in a dynamic ecosystem undergoing change, and the species diversity within these groups walker 1992, 1997.
The volume looks at the concepts of scale, resilience. In disaster studies, resilience is defined as the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions unisdr, 2009. This study seeks evidence for the ecological and engineering resilience of streamflow in the columbia river basin using observational records since 1950. Resilience has been defined in two ways in ecological literature. Therefore, using one metric may not be representative to describe and quantify resilience. Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. This is what we term engineering resilience, and we are not concerned with it here. Yet, other authors apply ecological resilience concepts to community or urban resilience wallace and wallace 2008.
Jul 01, 2015 the correlations between the three proposed eea factors were found to be. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale springerlink. Engineering within ecological constraints presents a rare dialogue between engineers and. Two different ideas of resilience ecological resilience. Difference between engineering, ecological and social. Resilience is the ability and rate of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance and return to its predisturbed state. Resilience is the ability to recover from a disaster that could have been prevented or mitigated with sustainable practices. Resilience is generally considered the capacity to tolerate, absorb, cope with, and adjust to changing social or environmental conditions while retaining key elements of structure, function, and identity. Benchmarking project resilience rahi the journal of. Socialecological resilience emphasizes the dynamics of sess as complex and adaptive but explicitly layers a human element of environmental governancecollective human agency that increases or decreases system resilience, i. Community and regional resilience initiative oak ridge national lab, oak ridge tn. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. This framework emphasizes adaptability, flexibility, diversity. Deviation from the ideal level of system functionality or.
Whereas typical policy responses prioritize reduction of delays under normal conditions to improve the efficiency of urban road systems, analytic support for investments that improve resilience defined as system recovery from additional. The measurement and role of ecological resilience systems. We suggest that species interact with scaledependent sets of ecological structures and processes that determine functional opportunities. Sustainable practices contribute to resilience, and both. Resilience, which means the ability of a system to absorb changes and disturbances in the environment and to maintain system functionality, is a key concept for resolving the above situation, and resilience engineering is an area where technical methodologies to implement resilience into sociotechnical systems are studied. Resilience is a multifacet property, covering four dimensions. Resilience bibliography rename or reorder a page via the settings menu next to the page name. Numerous metrics have been applied to quantify resilience over a range of ecosystems. Jun 20, 2014 sustainability and resilience can work together in the economy, construction, transportation systems, systems of government and almost other system in existence. Environmental science, on the other hand, has been shaped largely by the physical sciences and engineering.
Engineering and ecological resilience are two early definitions of resilience that came from enviromental science and ecological science. Much of current thinking on resilience has come from ecological resilience. Building resilient cities is not only about sustainable buildings or energy efficiency. Those who emphasize the nearequilibrium definition of engineering resilience, for example, draw predominantly from traditions of deductive mathematical theory pimm. Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. Resilience is a key concept in ecology and describes the capacity of an ecosystem to maintain its state and recover from disturbances. Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience engineering. The term resilience is a term that is sometimes used interchangeably with robustness to describe the ability of a system to continue functioning. We describe existing models of the relationship between species diversity and ecological function, and propose a conceptual model that relates species richness, ecological resilience, and scale. One key distinction between these two types of resilience lies in. This volume seeks to explore and perhaps offer solutions to what we see as the fundamental issue with respect to the law and socialecological. This definition of resilience is used in other fields such as physics and engineering. Read chapter engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. With its focus on stability and efficiency, engineering resilience has quite different implications for the management of ecosystems than that of ecological resilience.
Ecological resiliencein theory and application researchgate. Vale and campanella 2006 define urban resilience as the capacity of a city to rebound from destruction, which is similar to hollings 1996 definition of engineering resilience. Some of the numerous interpretations of the resilience perspective in ecology are. Similar to the ecological conceptualization of resilience, three major approaches towards defining urban resilience can be distinguished in the literature. However, the way resilience is quantified affects the degree to which different trajectories of ecosystem recovery from disturbance are represented as resilient. Holling september 1973 research reports are publications reporting on the work of the author. In a second foundational piece, plummer traces the historical development of the term social ecological resilience from its roots in engineering and ecological resilience and introduces the adaptive cycle, panarchy, and other important resilience constructs, used both as discrete measures of social, physical, and biological processes. Ecological resilience an overview sciencedirect topics. Ecological resilience holling, 1973 a measure of the persistence of systems and. Firstly, this paper will reexamine the ontology of ecosystem resilience so as to avoid the conflated view between ecosystem resilience and engineering resilience. Cinner and barnes introduce key social factors that provide resilience in linked social ecological systems, including 1 assets, 2 flexibility, 3 social organization, 4. In this work when talk about resilience we mean ecological resilience not merely engineering resilience.
Ecological resilience, also called ecological robustness, the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass production after being subjected to damage caused by an ecological disturbance. Holling introduced the word resilience into the ecological literature as a way of helping to understand the nonlinear dynamics observed in ecosystems. In this conceptual paper, we try to take a step to explore theoretical foundation of sustainability transformation in dimension of resilience thinking. Describe how both engineering and ecological resilience varies among ecological sites. Alternatively, click a pages name to rename it or drag a pages name to reorder it. It is also considered with the principle of that ecological change is episodic. Instead, each term refers to conflicting perspectives on what. Resilience theory and ecological resilience institute for national. In ecological resilience, there are multiple functional states. The measurement and role of ecological resilience systems theory across domainspecific outcomes. This range can refer to social education, development, economic capital flows, per capita income, or environmental biodiversity, food production variables. Engineering within ecological constraints presents a rare dialogue between engineers and environmental scientists as they consider the many technical as well as social and legal challenges of ecologically sensitive engineering.
This has been dubbed ecological resilience in contrast to engineering resilience 22,57. Pdf engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. A quantitative framework for assessing ecological resilience. In engineering, resilience is characterized by four rs. Engineering within ecological constraints the national.
Ecological resiliencein theory and application annual. The terms resistance and resilience are used in a variety of ways, which are often ambiguous grimm and wissel 1997, qualitative, and seemingly independent of disturbance type carpenter et al. Further progress in the understanding of the relationships between ecological diversity and resilience of mediterranean ecosystems can be achieved along two main avenues. Resistance is the ability for an ecosystem to remain unchanged when being subjected to a disturbance or disturbances. Given the climatewarming signal and earlier snowmelt in headwaters, we. Sep 20, 2019 resilience is generally considered the capacity to tolerate, absorb, cope with, and adjust to changing social or environmental conditions while retaining key elements of structure, function, and identity. Socialecological resilience and geomorphic systems.
Ecological resilience was defined as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without changing selforganized processes and structures defined as alternative stable states. Under each discipline, you will find a curated list of references you can use to expand your understanding of resilience beyond resilience. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale garry d. Research suggests that trait resilience may be best understood within an ecological resilient systems theory, comprising engineering, ecological, and adaptive capacity resilience. Scholars of both ecological and community resilience recognize that at least two different types of. Whereas typical policy responses prioritize reduction of delays under normal conditions to improve the efficiency of urban road systems, analytic support for investments that improve resilience defined as system recovery from additional disruptions is still scarce. Assessing resilience of urban critical infrastructure. An integrative quantifier of multistability in complex. We develop this resilience library with literature from physical and social sciences related to resilience engineering to promote collaboration and advance additional information, tools, and resources. First, resilience of experimentally manipulated communities, where species richness and the number of functional groups are manipulated simultaneously, needs to be assessed. The volume looks at the concepts of scale, resilience, and chaos as they apply to the points where the ecological life support system of. The alliance is concerned with the magnitude of disturbance that can be experienced before a system moves into a different state and different set of controls ecosystem resilience, as originally conceived by holling 1973. Apr 04, 2018 interdisciplinary discourse on resilience now includes consideration of the interactions of humans and ecosystems via socio ecological systems, and the need for shift from the maximum sustainable. Biological diversity appears to play a substantial role in ecosystem resilience and in sustaining desirable ecosystem states in the face of change peterson et al.
Holling, c s, 1996, engineering resilience versus ecological resilience, in engineering within ecological constraints ed. Ecological understanding of resilience 8 trauma survivors who clearly require clinical care have led them to view resilience either as a pathological state or as something seen only in rare and exceptionally healthy individuals p. Fundamentally, fire resilience, technological resilience and community resilience are closely connected. The resilience approach emphasizes an assessment of the systems ability to i anticipate and r. As originally developed in an ecological context by holling, the ideas of system dynamics were applied to population dynamics and other behaviors of ecological systems, in contrast to the then prevailing view that stable equilibria in ecological systems were the norm. Ecological diversity and resilience of mediterranean. Holling introduced the word resilience into the ecological literature as a way of. Ecological resilience as an emergent ecosystem phenomenon can be decomposed into. Engineering resilience considers ecological systems to exist close to a stable steadystate. In a second foundational piece, plummer traces the historical development of the term socialecological resilience from its roots in engineering and ecological resilience and introduces the adaptive cycle, panarchy, and other important resilience constructs, used both as discrete measures of social, physical, and biological processes. Instead, each term refers to conflicting perspectives on what resilience.
The volume looks at the concepts of scale, resilience, and chaos as they apply to the points where the ecological life. The ecological resilience is defined as the capacity of a system to undergo disturbance and reorganize so as to still maintain essentially the same functions, structures, and controls by not moving in a different region of the state space controlled by a diverse set of mutually reinforcing processes i. Leveraging socioecological resilience theory to build climate resilience in transport. Urban resilience in the era of climate change october 29th. Engineering resilience is the rate at which a system returns to equilibrium following a disturbance holling 1996. Jan 21, 2016 in disaster studies, resilience is defined as the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions unisdr, 2009.
Urban transportation systems are vulnerable to congestion, accidents, weather, special events, and other costly delays. It describes the degree to which the system is capable of selforganization, learning and adaptation holling 1973, gunderson. Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience engineering within ecological. The domainspecific resilient systems scales show all authors. Mar 30, 2016 ecological engineering modeled on nature. Some ecosystems are better at resisting change than others, and therefore have high resistance. Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks. Quantitative approaches to measure and assess resilience are needed to bridge gaps between science, policy and management. Ecological resilience emphasizes conditions far from any stable steadystate, where instabilities can flip a system from one regime of behaviour into another. Resilience library resilience engineering institute. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale article pdf available in ecosystems 11.
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